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Chapter 8

Singularities and extrinsic geometry



We have shown how the geometry of an immersion of a surface in 3-space is reflected in the types of contact that occur between the immersion and affine lines or planes. This point of view has been developed recently be many people. In this chapter we describe briefly the kinds of work being done (see [Mc2] for more details).

Projections of surfaces to planes

The singularities which occur in the family of orthogonal projections to planes of a generic surface in 3-space have been classified by Arnold [A6], Lyashko [Ly1] [Ly2], Goryunov [Gor1] [Gor2] [Gor3], Kergosien [KeT] [Ke1] [Ke2] [Ke3], and Gaffney and Ruas [GafR]. (Kergosien's results were the subject of a lecture given by R. Thom at I.H.E.S. in November, 1979. Gaffney and Ruas' results were described in a letter to Wall in October, 1977.) Related work has been done by Platonova [Pl1] [Pl2] [Pl3] and Landis [Lan]. According to Arnold, most of our results on cusps of Gauss maps are contained in the papers of Landis and Platonova.

Projections of surfaces to planes have been analyzed from a visual perspective by Koenderink and van Doorn [KoD]. We have obtained a classification of apparent contours of surfaces which combines their work and the classification of Arnold et al. [Mc1]. A classification of germs of embeddings R2 -> R3 according to their apparent contours has been done by Kergosien [Ke3].

Convex hulls of surfaces

The relation between the geometry of convex hulls and the singularities of the Gauss map has been investigated by Zakalyukin [Z], Sedych [Se1] [Se2], Brisgalova [Bri1] [Bri2], and Romero Fuster [Rom1].

Global theorems about surfaces and curves

Bleeker and Wilson [BlW] found a relation between the number of cusps of the Gauss map of a closed surface and the Euler characteristic of the hyperbolic region. This result was refined by Banchoff and Thom [BaT].

Zakalyukin [66] and Romero Fuster have investigated the relation between the number of Gaussian cusps on the boundary of the convex hull of a closed surface and the number of triple tangent support planes of the surface. We have found a relation between the total number of Gaussian cusps of an immersion M2 -> R3 and the number of tritangent planes of the immersion [BaGM1].

Freedman has shown that for a generic simple closed space curve with nonvanishing torsion, the number of tritangent planes is even [F]. We have shown that the torsion zeroes of a generic simple closed space curve can be indexed so that the sum of these indices is congruent mod 2 to the number of tritangent planes [BaGM1]. (Torsion zeroes of a curve correspond to Gaussian cusps of its canal surface - see chapter 2, example 5 above.) Morton and Mond have shown that a generic simple closed space curve with no quadrisecants is unknotted [Mort].


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